22 June 2025
Last Updated: 22 June 2025 - 06:02 CET
Chaitanya Nitin Harak
When 26 unarmed pilgrims were murdered in Pahalgam on April 22, it was not just another terror attack. It was, as Lt Gen. D.S. Hooda once said in another context, “an assault on the idea of India.” In the days that followed, India responded—not with a mere statement of condemnation or the familiar call for international solidarity, but with decisive action. Operation Sindoor, launched on May 7, has been rightly described by strategic analyst Lt Gen. A.B. Shivane (CLAWS) as “a symphony of seamless jointness.” But more than just a tactical success, Sindoor signals something deeper: a fundamental shift in Indian policy towards Pakistan—from tolerance to calibrated punishment.
The End of Strategic Restraint
India’s doctrine toward Pakistan has long been burdened by the myth of “strategic restraint.” That era is now definitely over. As Shivane put it, “Sindoor marked the final straw—India will no longer absorb wounds quietly; it will respond in kind, and much more.” The operation, which struck nine terror camps across Pakistan and Pakistan-occupied Kashmir, carefully avoided Pakistani military assets. That choice—surgical in execution and narrow in objective—was not weakness, but discipline. It was a signal.
India’s message was unambiguous: support terrorism, and pay the price. Not through diplomatic notes or dossiers alone, but through coordinated strikes involving the Army, Air Force, and Navy. The fact that India informed Pakistan’s DGMO that only non-state actors were targeted—and warned that any retaliation would meet with further escalation—reveals a doctrinal confidence that has matured beyond the fears of 1999 or even 2016.
Sindoor as Proof of Strategic Maturity
Policy forums across India have treated Sindoor not as an outburst, but as a calibrated shift in India’s counter-terrorism framework. The Vivekananda International Foundation (VIF) described the strike as part of a “whole-of-nation” approach, combining firepower, diplomacy, and economic isolation. R. Ashok Pathak of VIF noted that “the Sindoor campaign revealed more than just precision—it showed a command structure in sync across services, hinting at a future unified theatre doctrine.”
From a doctrinal perspective, this is significant. It indicates not just retaliation, but strategic deterrence through punishment. A clear departure from prior tendencies to absorb attacks in the name of stability, this new posture recalibrates the risk calculus for Pakistan’s security establishment. As Shivane aptly states, “Punishment must exceed provocation. It must make terrorism prohibitively costly for the sponsor state.”
Pakistan’s Calculated Restraint—and Why It Matters
Pakistan’s muted response was telling. Unlike the post-Balakot escalation in 2019, this time Rawalpindi limited itself to routine air defense claims and propaganda videos of downed drones. Even as its proxies issued ritual threats, the state itself seemed to understand that the terrain had shifted. This may be the most significant outcome of Sindoor: a recalibration of deterrence without escalation. Walter Ladwig (RUSI) pointed out that India “accepted the loss of assets to confine strikes to terrorist targets, thus preventing a broader spiral.” That self-imposed constraint—ironically—made the operation more credible, not less. It showed that India had both the intent and the maturity to act decisively, but not indiscriminately.
Diplomacy in Lockstep with Deterrence
India’s diplomatic machinery was not idle. In what the Observer Research Foundation described as “a parallel campaign of narrative warfare,” Indian delegations fanned out across 30+ capitals with evidence of Pakistan’s role in cross-border terrorism. The Indus Waters Treaty was suspended, visa services cut, and diplomatic staff recalled—concrete actions that signaled India’s willingness to pressure Pakistan across every vector, not just militarily. As ORF noted, this new diplomatic posture reflects “zero tolerance as both doctrine and diplomatic strategy.” For years, India sought to make the case against Pakistan in global forums. After Sindoor, it stopped asking for permission and simply acted.
Challenges Ahead
Yet a note of caution is warranted. As VIF scholars argue, “the battle for international perception is far from over.” Pakistan’s disinformation campaigns are already attempting to reframe Sindoor as “Indian aggression.” India must remain proactive—not just in defending its actions, but in maintaining credibility through transparency and communication. Strategic communications, once treated as an afterthought, must now be institutionalized as part of national defense. More importantly, India must be prepared for hybrid pushback. Jaish-e-Mohammad and Lashkar-e-Taiba will not disappear overnight. Their retaliation may take the form of lone-wolf attacks, cyber-intrusions, or renewed violence in the hinterland. The test of deterrence lies not in one strike but in sustained strategic resolve.
Conclusion: The Sindoor Doctrine
Operation Sindoor marks more than a moment. It marks the emergence of what could be termed the Sindoor Doctrine: a unified, tri-service, full-spectrum response to state-sponsored terror, pursued with clarity, legitimacy, and restraint. India has shown it is no longer afraid to punish. The question now is whether Pakistan’s generals will learn the right lesson.
If they do not, they should expect the next Indian response not just to be harsher—but far less patient.
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